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2.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(1): e013119, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058018

ABSTRACT

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.


Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de carvacrila (ACV) e do ACV nanoencapsulado (nACV) sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de ovinos. O ACV foi nanoencapsulado com quitosana/goma arábica e foi analisada a eficácia de nanoencapsulamento (EE), o rendimento, potencial zeta, morfologia das nanopartículas e cinética de liberação em pH 3 e 8. Foram avaliadas as toxicidades aguda e subcrônica em roedores e a redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (RCOF) de ovinos. Os ovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg ACV; G2, 250 mg/kg de nACV; G3, matriz polimérica e G4: 2,5 mg/kg de monepantel. A EE e o rendimento de nACV foram de 65% e 57%, respectivamente. A morfologia das nanopartículas foi esférica, tamanho (810,6±286,7 nm), potencial zeta no pH 3,2 (+18,3 mV) e a liberação de 50% de CVA nos pHs 3 e 8 ocorreu às 200 e 10 h, respectivamente. nACV apresentou DL50 de 2.609 mg/kg. ACV, nACV e o monepantel reduziram a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) em 57,7%, 51,1% e 97,7%, respectivamente. A contagem de opg de ovelhas tratadas com ACV e nCVA não diferiu do controle negativo (P>0,05). O nanoencapsulamento reduziu a toxicidade do AVC; no entanto, nACV e ACV apresentaram resultados semelhantes na RCOF.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Rats , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Nanocapsules/administration & dosage , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Parasite Egg Count , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Drug Resistance/drug effects , Sheep/parasitology , Levamisole/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar/blood , Toxicity Tests , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Monoterpenes/toxicity , Monoterpenes/therapeutic use , Nanocapsules/toxicity , Nanocapsules/therapeutic use , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Haemonchiasis/drug therapy , Haemonchus/isolation & purification , Haemonchus/drug effects , Helminthiasis, Animal/drug therapy , Anthelmintics/toxicity , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Mice , Nematode Infections/drug therapy
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 77(3): 476-479, July-Sept. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888788

ABSTRACT

Abstract The fast anthelmintic resistance development has shown a limited efficiency in the control of animal's endoparasitosis and has promoted research using alternative control methods. The use of chemicals in animal anthelmintic treatment, in association with nematophagous fungi used for biological control, is a strategy that has proven to be effective in reducing the nematode population density in farm animals. This study aims to verify the in vitro susceptibility of the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans and Paecilomyces lilacinus against the antiparasitic drugs albendazole, thiabendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel by using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). MICs ranged between 4.0 and 0.031 µg/mL for albendazole, thiabendazole and ivermectin, between 0.937 and 0.117 µg/mL for levamisole, and between 0.625 and 0.034 µg/mL for closantel. The results showed that all antiparasitic drugs had an in vitro inhibitory effect on nematophagous fungi, which could compromise their action as agents of biological control. D. flagrans was the most susceptible species to all drugs.


Resumo O desenvolvimento rápido da resistência anti-helmíntica demonstrou a eficiência limitada no controle de endoparasitoses em animais, e promoveu a investigação em métodos de controles alternativos. O uso de produtos químicos no tratamento anti-helmíntico animal, em associação com fungos nematófagos utilizados para o controlo biológico, é uma estratégia que tem provado ser eficaz na redução da densidade da população de nematódeos em animais agrícolas. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a suscetibilidade in vitro dos fungos nematófagos Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans e Paecilomyces lilacinus frente aos antiparasitários albendazol, tiabendazol, ivermectina, levamisol e closantel, usando a concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). Os MICs variaram entre 4,0 e 0,031 μg/mL para albendazol, tiabendazol e ivermectina, entre 0,937 e 0,117 μg/mL para o levamisol, e entre 0,625 e 0,034 μg/mL para closantel. Os resultados mostraram que todos os antiparasitários tiveram um efeito inibidor in vitro sobre os fungos nematófagos, o que poderia comprometer suas atividades como agentes de controle biológico. D. flagrans foi a espécie mais sensível a todas as drogas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mitosporic Fungi/drug effects , Antiparasitic Agents/pharmacology , Salicylanilides/pharmacology , Ivermectin/pharmacology , Albendazole/pharmacology , Pest Control, Biological , Levamisole/pharmacology
4.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 18(1): 53-59, Mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-606766

ABSTRACT

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a eficácia antiparasitária do praziquantel, levamisol e diflubenzuron administrados via oral, adicionados à ração, para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) infectados por Anacanthorus penilabiatus e Dolops carvalhoi. Foram utilizadas 19 caixas d'água de 300 L de capacidade, comportando 28 peixes cada. Os tratamentos foram feitos misturando os princípios ativos nas dietas. A intensidade parasitária e eficácia foram avaliadas 1 dia antes e 3, 7 e 15 dias após o início da alimentação com ração contendo diflubenzuron, levamisol e praziquantel isolados ou associados em diferentes concentrações por 7 dias. Os resultados da eficácia terapêutica sugerem que, isoladamente ou associado com levamisol e praziquantel, o diflubenzuron é eficiente contra o crustáceo D. carvalhoi, demonstrando que a eficácia dos tratamentos nos dias 3, 7 e 15 variou de 96,2 a 100 por cento. Contra os monogenóides, as drogas não apresentaram eficácia satisfatória. Os resultados sugerem o uso do diflubenzuron para o controle de D. cavalhoi em peixes de cativeiro e em condições de quarentenário.


This assay evaluated the control efficacy of diflubenzuron, praziquantel and levamisole added to the diet of pacu (Piaractus mesoptamicus) infected with Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Dolops carvalhoi. 19 water tanks of 300 L capacity were utilized with 28 fish in each one. The treatments were made by mixing the active principles in the diet. The experiment was evaluated in four harvests done 1 day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after the treatment. The medicated feeding was applied for 7 days. The results of efficacy suggest that the diflubenzuron alone or associated with levamisole and praziquantel was efficient against the crustacean D. carvalhoi and the efficacy in the 3, 7 and 15 days evaluations ranged from 96,2 to 100 percent. Against the monogenean the drugs did not present efficacy. The results suggest the use of diflubenzuron for the control of D. carvalhoi in captive fishes in special conditions.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology , Arguloida/drug effects , Communicable Disease Control , Diflubenzuron/pharmacology , Fishes/parasitology , Helminths/drug effects , Levamisole/pharmacology , Praziquantel/pharmacology
5.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 41(1): 41-46, Jan. 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-469976

ABSTRACT

Our objective was to characterize the modulation of the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) by classic inhibitors of ALP activity, cholesterol and steroid hormones, in order to identify catalytic similarities between yeast and mammalian ALPs. S. cerevisiae expresses two ALPs, coded for by the PHO8 and PHO13 genes. The product of the PHO8 gene is repressible by Pi in the medium. ALP activity from yeast (grown in low or high phosphate medium) homogenates was determined with p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate, pH 10.4 (lPiALP or hPiALP, respectively). Activation of hPiALP was observed with 5 mM L-amino acids (L-homoarginine _ 186 percent, L-leucine _ 155 percent and L-phenylalanine - 168 percent) and with 1 mM levamisole (122 percent; percentage values, in comparison to control, of recovered activity). EDTA (5 mM) and vanadate (1 mM) distinctly inhibited hPiALP (2 and 20 percent, respectively). L-homoarginine (5 mM) had a lower activating effect on lPiALP (166 percent) and was the strongest hPiALP activator. Corticosterone (5 mM) inhibited hPiALP to 90 percent, but no effect was observed in low phosphate medium. Cholesterol, ß-estradiol and progesterone also had different effects on lPiALP and hPiALP. A concentration-dependent activation of lPiALP minus hPiALP was evident with all three compounds, most especially with ß-estradiol and cholesterol. These results do not allow us to identify similarities of the behavior of S. cerevisiae ALPs and any of the mammalian ALPs but allow us to raise the hypothesis of differential regulation of S. cerevisiae ALPs by L-homoarginine, ß-estradiol and cholesterol and of using these compounds to discriminate between S. cerevisiae lPiALP and hPiALP.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Humans , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Cholesterol/metabolism , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology , Alkaline Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors , Culture Media/chemistry , Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Levamisole/pharmacology , Mammals , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development
6.
J Biosci ; 2000 Mar; 25(1): 73-80
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-110694

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the role of phaseolinone, a phytotoxin produced by Macrophomina phaseolina, in disease initiation, three nontoxigenic avirulent mutants of the fungus were generated by UV-mutagenesis. Two of them were able to initiate infection in germinating Phaseolus mungo seeds only in the presence of phaseolinone. The minimum dose of phaseoli-none required for infection in 30% seedlings was 2 5 mg/ml. A human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus was also able to infect germinating seeds of P. mungo in the presence of 5 mg/ml concentration of phaseolinone. Phaseolinone seemed to facilitate infection by A. fumigatus, which is not normally phytopathogenic, by reducing the immunity of germinating seedlings in a nonspecific way. Levamisole, a non-specific immunopotentiator gave protection against infection induced by A. fumigatus at an optimum dose of 50 mg/ml. Sodium malonate prevented the effects of levamisole.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics , Drug Interactions , Fabaceae/microbiology , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Levamisole/pharmacology , Mitosporic Fungi/genetics , Mutation , Mycotoxins/pharmacology , Naphthols/pharmacology , Plant Diseases/chemically induced , Plants, Medicinal , Seeds/microbiology
7.
Alergia (Méx.) ; 45(2): 43-8, mar.-abr. 1998. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-234170

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: la septicemia neonatal puede tener una mortalidad del 20 por ciento en recién nacidos pequeños para su edad gestacional. Esta predisposición a las infecciones se ha explicado por alteraciones inmunológicas. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer el efecto del levamisol en las funciones de quimiotaxis y actividad bactericida de las células polimorfonucleares en recién nacidos pequeños para su edad gestacional. Material y método: se estudiaron 20 recién nacidos de término. Diez eran pequeños para su edad gestacional y los otros 10 tenían peso adecuado. Se midió la actividad microbicida y la quimiotaxis; se hicieron comparaciones entre los grupos con pruebas estadísticas no paraméticas. Resultados: en el grupo de neonatos pequeños para su edad gestacional la actividad microbicida fue semejante a la del grupo testigo, pero la actividad quimiotáctica estuvo disminuida (p < 0.05)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Blood Bactericidal Activity , Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects , Levamisole/pharmacology , Neutrophils , Neutrophils/physiology , Infant, Small for Gestational Age/immunology
8.
Indian J Pathol Microbiol ; 1993 Jan; 36(1): 32-7
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-72746

ABSTRACT

Both cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity was assessed in 16 patients of hydatidiform mole and 6 patients of choriocarcinoma. Fifty percent patients of choriocarcinoma and 11 patients of vesicular mole were given levamisole (LVM) trial and were followed for 2 months. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was significantly increased in vesicular mole after levamisole treatment but in choriocarcinoma no effect was obtained. Marked improvement of T cell rosette count was also seen in LVM treated patient of both vesicular mole (p < 0.001) and choriocarcinoma. Cutaneous DTH response to 2:4 DNCB in vesicular mole was also increased after LVM. Before treatment only 31.25% patients had strong cutaneous response but after treatment 53.35% patients had strong response, while cases of choriocarcinoma were unaffected. LVM also raised all the serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) in both vesicular mole and choriocarcinoma. Hence, levamisole therapy was found to have a beneficial effect on both cellular and humoral immunity in the lesions of trophoblasts.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Antibody Formation/drug effects , Choriocarcinoma/immunology , Female , Humans , Hydatidiform Mole/immunology , Immune Tolerance/drug effects , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Immunoglobulins/blood , Levamisole/pharmacology , Pregnancy , Rosette Formation , Uterine Neoplasms/immunology
9.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 1993; 23 (1): 1-8
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-28343

ABSTRACT

Infection of the mouse with Trichinella pseudospiralis is accompanied by pronounced suppression of host inflammatory response. This study examines the effect of infection with this parasite on one major component of cell mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity [DTH] reaction and the effect of administration of immunostimulant drug [levamisole] on host response to T. pseudospiralis infection. Serum cortisol levels and the response of skin test to phytohemagglutinin were used to construct the time table of drug regimen. Three groups were studied; group I [infected mice], group II [received Levamisole on day 6 pi], and group II [received Levamisole on day 14 pi]. Early administration of levamisole restored DTH response to normal and histopathological examination of infected muscles revealed evident collagen deposition around the muscle larvae


Subject(s)
Immunity , Levamisole/pharmacology , Hypersensitivity, Delayed , Levamisole/administration & dosage
10.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 33(1): 69-73, jan.-fev. 1991. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-107748

ABSTRACT

Os efeitos do levamisole nas alteracoes histopatologicas, resistencia do hospedeiro e quimiotaxia "in vitro" foram estudados na infeccao experimental pelo Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos da linhagem C57B1/10. O tratamento profilatico resultou em um aumento no numero de vermes adultos obtidos pela perfusao e tambem em uma taxa de mortalidade maior (p<0,05). As alteracoes histopatologicas (figado e intestino) foram similares em todos os grupos. Uma reducao significante da quimiotaxia "in vitro" ocorreu em camundongos controles infectados, assim como naqueles submetidos a tratamento profilatico com levamisole. A atividade quimiotatica atingiu os mesmos niveis dos camundongos controles normais (nao-infectados e nao-tratados com levamisole), quando o esquema curativo foi usado. O levamisole parece aumentar a susceptibilidade de camundongos da linhagem C57B1/10 a infeccao pelo S. mansoni quando administrado antes da infeccao e normaliza a atividade quimiotatica, quando dado apos a infeccao.


Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Male , Levamisole/pharmacology , Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology , Analysis of Variance , Chemotaxis/drug effects , Disease Susceptibility/immunology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
11.
Rev. cuba. invest. bioméd ; 9(2/3): 186-92, mayo-dic. 1990. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-93373

ABSTRACT

La interacción entre las lipoproteínas plasmáticas y los constituyentes de las paredes de los vasos sanguíneos son objeto de numerosos estudios. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la acción del levamisol, medicamento con propiedades hipolipemiantes, antiagregante plaquetario, antitrombótico y trombolítico, sobre la pared vascular de conejos hipercolesterolémicos. Los resultados demuestran que el levamisol tiene un efecto protector evidente de la pared vascular


Subject(s)
Rabbits , Animals , Male , Diet, Atherogenic , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Levamisole/pharmacology , Cholesterol, Dietary
16.
Rev. Salusvita (Impr.) ; 7(1): 75-81, 1988. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-78587

ABSTRACT

Pacientes hansenianos classificados como portadores da forma clínica virchoviana foram inicialmente submetidos a avaliaçäo imulógica específica (Mitsudina) e inespecífica (PPD, tricofitina, DNCB e determinaçäo do percentual de linfócitos T no sangue periférico). A seguir, foram estimulados com levamizole (150 mg/dia, 2 vezes por semana, durante 2 meses) e novamente submetidos a avaliaçäo imunológica, visando determinar o efeito deste modulador sobre o defeito imunológico descrito nestes pacientes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Levamisole/pharmacology , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Leprosy , Leprosy/immunology
17.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 20(4): 193-7, out.-dez. 1987. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-57753

ABSTRACT

Levamisol (fenilimidotiazol), considerado um potente imunoestimulante, quando administrado a camundongos suíços näo causou aumento significante nos pesos do timo, figado, ou baço, apesar de a droga ter sido usada em diferentes tempos antes da remoçäo desses órgäos. Doses elevadas da droga usadas no esquema profilático de 4 dias näo tiveram efeito antimalárico. Entretanto quando dada a camundongos com malária, 24 horas antes, ao mesmo tempo ou 24 horas após inoculaçäo de uma cepa de Plasmodium berghei cloroquina-sensível ou uma cepa cloroquina resistente o levamisol reduziu, ainda que discretamente, a parasitemia nos graus tratados, sendo a dose de 1 mg/kg o melhor esquema. Foi observado também atraso na mortalidade por malária nos grupos tratados com o levamisol. No entanto, todos os animais morreram. Os dados sugerem que o levamisol tem efeito imunoestimulante, ainda que discreto, na resposta imune de animais, deprimida pela malária


Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Malaria/drug therapy , Levamisole/pharmacology , Organ Size/drug effects , Plasmodium berghei/drug effects
19.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 1986 Jan-Mar; 30(1): 55-62
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-107692

ABSTRACT

The effects of levamisole were investigated on the blood pressure of anaesthetized dog. Levamisole (0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg) elicited a biphasic effect, an initial brief depressor response followed by a pressor response. The pressor response was dose-related and was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. The residual depressor response was blocked by propranolol. Repeated administration of a high dose of levamisole produced tachyphylaxis. The pressor response to levamisole was not modified by either reserpinization, acute bilateral adrenalectomy or pretreatment with cocaine, whereas pretreatment with dexamethasone, nialamide or pyroaallol shifted the dose-response curve to the right. Levamisole potentiated the pressor responses to noradrenaline, angiotensin and acetylcholine. The effects of levamisole are ascribed to inhibition of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase, catecholamine uptake2 mechanism and cholinesterase.


Subject(s)
Adrenalectomy , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cocaine/pharmacology , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Dogs , Female , Levamisole/pharmacology , Male , Nialamide/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Pyrogallol/pharmacology , Reserpine/pharmacology
20.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 59(2): 167-73, ago. 1985. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-30447

ABSTRACT

A imunidade celular e humoral foi estudada em 27 crianças desnutridas na faixa etária de seis a 48 meses. A média de linfócitos T, pelo método de R-roseta, foi significativamente mais baixa nos desnutridos comparada com a média dos controles pareados por idade e sexo. A freqüência de respostas positivas aos testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade tardia também foi menor nos desnutridos. Desnutridos e controles apresentaram médias iguais de linfócitos B%, IgG e IgM, mas a média de IgA foi maior no grupo de desnutridos. O número de linfócitos T correlacionou positivamente com albumina (r = 0,52), proteína total (r = 0,56) e com percentagem de peso ideal (r = 0,47) e estatura ideal (r = 0,42). Näo houve correlaçäo dos linfócitos B% com qualquer das variáveis para desnutriçäo. A açäo do levamisol in vitro sobre os linfócitos T foi estudada através da incubaçäo dos linfócitos com 50 micron g/ml de levamisol por duas horas a 37-C. No grupo de desnutridos houve um aumento na média da E-roseta quando os linfócitos foram incubados com levamisol, enquanto no grupo-controle a incubaçäo com e sem levamisol näo mostrou diferença significativa (AU) q


Subject(s)
Infant , Child, Preschool , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Levamisole/pharmacology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Antibody Formation , Immunity, Cellular
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